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INTERMEDIATE CRUISING (ASA 104 - Bareboat Charter)
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Additional parts of
the boat and vocabulary
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The Head & Galley -
Provisioning food
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The Electrical
System AC vs. DC
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The Engine - operation,
troubleshooting, spares
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Fuel - Range, consumption,
diesel/gas
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Knots
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Additional Man
Overboard Techniques - Quick Stop
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Rules of the Road - Navigation Rules
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Chart work - Navigation,
Plotting a course, Fix
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Magnetic Compass &
Variation
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Anchoring - various
methods
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Advanced Maneuvering
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International Travel
- Flag etiquette, customs, port of entry
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Weather Conditions -
Fog
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Skipper/Crew
responsibility
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Distress Signals
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Other Info for study
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ALL
ITEMS IN STUDY GUIDE WILL BE FOUND ON ASA 104 WRITTEN EXAM
If page numbers are
referenced in Study Guide, most are from the text Cruising
Fundamentals by Harry Munns.
Otherwise noted as:
CF= Cruising Fundamentals
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OTHER STUDY GUIDES
SOME INFORMATIVE INFO ON
HOW TO BAREBOAT CHARTER IN THE ISLANDS
AND AROUND
THE WORLD
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1. ADDITIONAL
PARTS OF THE BOAT
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PLACES & PARTS, ITEMS ON THE CRUISING BOAT
Masthead Fly (Windex)– Cool object on top of the mast that
points into the wind showing the wind direction.
Lazarette
- Compartment in the stern of the boat used for storage
Binnacle -
Stand or pedestal near the helm, where the ship's compass is
mounted and where the wheel is usually attached
Hand bearing
compass - A compass that is small and usually
handheld, used to take bearings off objects on shore or in line
of sight.
Lubber Line
- Line on the compass aligned with the center line of the
boat that indicates the boat's heading on the compass.
Stanchion
- A tubing post that a lifeline leads through. The
stanchion is mounted on a firm solid piece of stainless steel
that is bolted through the deck for stability.
Roller
furling line - the thin line that runs from the
cockpit to the roller furling drum. When the sail is
rolled in, the drum is empty, when the sail is opened up the
drum has the line wrapped around it.
Inboard engine -
Gasoline or diesel engine that is permanently mounted on a boat,
prop shaft goes through the hull.
Bilge Pump - an
automatic or manual pump located in the lowest part of the boat
(the bilge) that is used to pump out any water that enters the
boat and settles in the bilge.
Radar Reflector - hoisted
high in the rigging, returns a signal to radar transmitters
at any angle. Helps ships with radar identify you.
Windlass - A
mechanical, powerful winch used to pull up the anchor rode
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ADDITIONAL
VOCABULARY
Seabreeze - Wind drawn
ashore by rising thermal air currents caused by the heating of
the land.
Land breeze - Wind
drawn over the sea by the different cooling and heating rates of
the land and water.
Right hand screw propeller -
engine propeller that turns in a clockwise direction when put
into forward gear and counterclockwise in reverse
Prop walk - The motion
the boat follows when the engine is put in gear. In forward the
stern walks to starboard, in reverse the stern walks to port.
Separation Zone - A
zone that is marked for a shipping channel where smaller boats
should stay on the outside of the channel when traveling toward
or away from seaward.
Nautical Mile - Used to
measure distance on a nautical chart. 1 NM x 1.15 = 1
statute mile.
Scope - The length of
anchor rode that is let out, which determines how far the boat
will swing when anchored from the bow only.
Grounding - Running
aground
Rafting - When boats
tie up together and set anchors when not at a dock
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2. THE HEAD AND
GALLEY ON THE CRUISING SAILBOAT
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HEAD AREA - Bathroom
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GALLEY - Marine Kitchen |
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Toilet (head) - To operate
the head:
1. open through-hull 2.
open valve on toilet 3. prime head by
pumping some water into bowl 4. use head
5. flush wet with valves open until bowl is cleared 6.
close head valve and pump until dry and clean 7.
close through-hull
NEVER PUT
ANYTHING IN THE HEAD YOU HAVE EATEN IT FIRST. ONLY USE
SMALL AMOUNTS OF BIODEGRADABLE TOILET PAPER. |
Marine Stove - Using
fuel
either propane, alcohol or sometimes kerosene. Propane
is most common on newer boats. Propane must have its own
designated locker to store tanks, specific with vents that
lead overboard safely. Stoves often have clamps that
hold puts in place while moving. Gimbals are used in
mounting stoves so that they sway with the motion of the
boat when heeling at sharp angles. One may strap themselves
into the galley area when cooking in heavy weather. |
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Shower - uses a sump pump to
drain out the shower water after the water is used |
Sink - May have a foot
pump to pump water into sink. Some may have a salt
water spigot, used only for cleaning, not rinsing. |
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Sink - May have foot pump
or pressurized pump. Switch on panel must be on to
operate pressure pumps. |
Refrigerator/Ice Box - A
refrigeration unit is run on electrical power or engine
power. An ice box is an insulated cabinet used like a
cooler with a block of ice to keep things cool.
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3. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
- AC VS. DC
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AC - Alternating Current (run
from 110 shore power) |
DC - Direct Current (run from
batteries - 12 volt) |
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Uses regular
electrical outlets such as household outlets |
Uses 12 volt outlets
like a cigarette lighter outlet |
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Only used when
plugged into shore power |
Uses 12 volt circuit
breaker panel |
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Battery charger is on
when plugged into shore power |
Switches on 12 volt
panel have fuses |
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Battery bank -
consists of a Starter Battery (1) and a House Battery (2).
When using battery switch you can charge both at once by
choosing the ALL selection. Never operate electronics
while using ALL switch as it will run both batteries down |
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4. ENGINE -
OPERATION, TROUBLESHOOTING, SPARE PARTS |
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OPERATION -
PARTS OF THE ENGINE & TYPES OF SYSTEMS, OTHER INFO
| Closed System |
The cooling portion of the engine does not
take in sea water through
the engine components, but rather
has a closed cooling system similar to that of a car
radiator system. |
| Open System |
The cooling portion of the engine uses
seawater that enters into the engine components for cooling.
This can cause corrosion is salt water areas. |
| Cooling |
Thermostat, Impeller |
| Fuel |
Filters, Fuel Separator (removes debris and
water) |
| Fluids |
Oil, Transmission fluid, Coolant (anti
corrosive) |
| Gasoline |
Uses spark plugs |
| Diesel |
Gets power from compression |
ENGINE VOCABULARY
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LIFT PUMP -
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FUEL PUMP -
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FUEL SEPARATOR -
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INJECTOR PUMP -
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IMPELLER -
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A SPARE PARTS & SUPPLIES LIST CAN BE FOUND ON P.
117 OF CRUISING FUNDAMENTALS
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OPERATING THE ENGINE
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We will only
discuss boats with a right hand screw propeller -
meaning in forward the prop turns clockwise, when in reverse
the prop turns counterclockwise.
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When putting the engine in reverse,
the STERN PULLS TO PORT immediately. This is why when
docking you should always choose to park with the PORT SIDE
TOWARD the dock, because when in reverse the boat is slowing
down and pulling the stern toward the dock.
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When putting the
engine in forward, the stern pulls to starboard immediately.
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TROUBLESHOOTING
DURING ENGINE PROBLEMS
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ENGINE FAILURE WHILE UNDERWAY
- p. 108 |
In an anchorage - Steer
for clear, deep, open water. If drifting toward
another boat you may choose to put out fenders and raft onto
the boat. In a channel - You
may intentionally run aground if you are in a trafficky
channel to avoid a collision. Make sure that you won't
hit a rocky bottom and damage the hull. Then request a
tow. |
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LINES TANGLED AROUND
PROPELLER - p. 109 |
Put engine in neutral and
turn off. Try to pull on the line gently. YOU MAY TRY TO
TURN THE PROP SHAFT IN REVERSE BY HAND. If this
doesn't work try starting the engine and slowly putting it
in and out of reverse. |
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ENGINE COOLING FAILURE -
p. 111 |
Check fluid level, leaking
hoses, thermostat, belt tension on the water pump, the raw
water strainer or impeller |
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ENGINE FAILURE - p. 114 |
Check electrical system
(battery switch, connections, water in the battery)
Check the starter - follow battery
cable to solenoid switch
Check for Fuel blockage - make sure
fuel is flowing to the injector pump. Bleed the fuel
system |
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5. FUEL -
RANGE, CONSUMPTION, DIESEL VS. GAS |
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OPERATING RANGE UNDER
POWER
- p.36
Or the distance that a boat can travel under power with the
amount of fuel it can store
Speed (in knots) / Consumption =
NMPG (Nautical Miles/Gallon in one hour)
NMPG x Fuel Capacity = Range in Nautical
Miles
Factors that affect
range: Condition of the hull, Weight, Wind, Waves
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CONSUMPTION OF FUEL &
FUEL CAPACITY
- Figure out your
Mileage (or on a boat your Gallons per hour) p. 35
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DIESEL VS. GAS
ENGINES
FLASHPOINT - the minimum temperature at
which the liquid will give off sufficient vapor to form an
ignitable mixture with air.
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DIESEL ENGINE |
GAS ENGINE |
| Operate on high compression
for ignition |
Operate with spark plugs for
ignition |
| Diesel fuel has a high
flashpoint of 125 degrees and is not as dangerous as gas. |
The flashpoint of gas is at
-45 degrees F and can create a fire easily with a spark
and gas vapors |
| Diesel fuel is a combustible
liquid |
Gasoline is a flammable liquid |
| Usually more fuel efficient |
Less fuel efficient |
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6. KNOTS |
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Knots that you should know:
THESE ARE NEW: click on title for illustration in
motion
Rolling Hitch
THESE ARE REVIEW:
Bowline, Figure 8, Cleat Hitch, Clove hitch, half hitches, reef
knot. Visit
www.seaitallhere.com/knots and
go to our knots page for illustrations and practice.
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There are some basic knots that very important
and can be applied in most situations to get you through.
1.
Overhand
Knot
-Stopper knot - Very difficult to untie. Use
wh en
it’s not necessary to untie regularly. Makes it easy to grip
rope with overhand knots every foot.
2.
 Figure
8
Knot - Stopper Knot – Used on running rigging. Use on
the end of sheets to keep them from flailing through blocks
(nautical pulleys).
3.
Reef Knot
– Bend (ONLY for temporary joining of two lines) Used on
lines of equal diameter. Use this for reefing. It is easy to
get undone, but secure for reefing.
4.
Clove Hitch – Hitch - Used to fasten a line to a
rai l, post, spar or bollard. Use on round posts. Add
two half hitches to make is secure
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5.
Bowline (prounounced bow-lin) Loop -A
non-slipping temporary loop. The bowline has
been called the king of knots; it will hold under tension, will
never jam,  and
can be easily untied. Use this line for many things. It’s very
versatile. For example, it’s often used when stepping the
mast. It is tied around the spreaders in order to lift the
mast. The standing end will lead to the gin pole or crane.
Also use when tying to a post.
6.
Half Hitches – Hitch – (Often used with the clov e hitch to make more secure)
7. Round turn and 2 half hitches – Strong, dependable, never jams.
Fasten lines to a ring, post, bollard, deck eye, rail. Use to
attach fenders to lifelines temporarily or to tie your horse to
a post in Nevada (if you’re a cowgirl.)
8.
Cleat Hitch Tie around cleats
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7. ADDITIONAL MAN OVERBOARD
TECHNIQUES - QUICK STOP
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 The
Quick Stop - Starts by heading into the wind and tacking
without tacking the jib (leave the jib backwinded), then
continue turning in a circle by jibing (and controlling the main
the entire time). Then release jib completely until
luffing, head up to Crew Overboard on a close reach with sails
luffing. View image from
www.boat.com website:
The disadvantage to this method is that you have to jibe to make
the circle, and in heavy weather this could be dangerous if not
controlled properly. |
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WHEN YOU HAVE A CREW
OVERBOARD SITUATION YOU SHOULD ALWAYS TREAT THE VICTIM FOR
HYPOTHERMIA ! |
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8. NAVIGATION
RULES OF THE ROAD - REVIEW |
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WHEN A PLEASURE
BOAT ENTERS A SEPARATION ZONE, IT CAN CROSS IT, BUT ONLY AT A RIGHT
ANGLE. This keeps the boat in the shipping lane for a very
short duration and allow quick passage, reducing the possibility of
a collision with a large ship or commercial vessel. |
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In any navigational right of way
situation, there is always a Stand-On Vessel AND a Give Way
Vessel
STAND ON VESSEL
- Has the right of way, must maintain course and speed (unless a
collision is imminent)
GIVE WAY
VESSEL - DOES NOT have the right of way, must slow down,
and/or stay out of the way of the Stand On Vessel(s) |
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Right of way UNDER SAIL ONLY:
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UNDER POWER:
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A Sailboat (or any
vessel) with its engine on is considered a power boat
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When two powerboats
meet head on, each should alter course to STARBOARD, and pass PORT
SIDE TO PORT SIDE
POWER VS. POWER
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The area
to the right of each boat (112.5 degrees from bow) is the
DANGER ZONE OF EVERY POWER BOAT. You give way to boats
in your DANGER zone - BOATS IN YOUR DANGER ZONE SEE
YOUR RED NAVIGATION LIGHT AT NIGHT. RED MEANS STOP.
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The area
to the left of each boat (112.5 degrees from bow) is the SAFETY
ZONE OF EVERY POWER BOAT. You are the stand on vessel to
boats in your SAFETY ZONE - BOATS IN YOUR DANGER ZONE
SEE YOUR RED NAVIGATION LIGHT AT NIGHT. GREEN MEANS GO.
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OVERTAKING (PASSING)
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POWER VS. SAIL
Sail generally has the
right of way over power vessels, unless:
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The power vessel is a
tanker in a narrow channel (or the vessel is constrained by its
draft)
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The vessel is at anchor
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The vessel is commercial
fishing
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The vessel is restricted
in its ability to maneuver (ie: dredging, commercial fishing)
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The vessel is adrift
(not under command)
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SAIL VS. SAIL
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9. NAVIGATION
CHARTS - NAVIGATION, PLOTTING A COURSE, TAKING A
FIX / BEARING, |
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Charts - Use a
chart for navigating any waters that you are boating |
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**DISTANCE ON A NAUTICAL CHART IS MEASURED IN NAUTICAL MILES
(Statue
mile X 1.15 = Nautical Mile) |
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**ONE MINUTE OF LATITUDE EQUALS ONE NAUTICAL MILE
Latitude - Measured North and South of the Equator (runs
horizontally)
Longitude - Measured East and West of the Prime Meridian (runs
vertically) |
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On a Chart -
Water depth (feet/fathoms), bottom characteristics, aids to navigation
(ATONS), navigational hazards, notes should be read to determine
special characteristics of sailing area, danger areas, safe water
areas.
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PLOTTING A COURSE LINE
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TAKING A FIX / BEARING
You can use a hand bearing
compass to take a fix. Usually you want to get at least two
fixes or better yet, three fixes to make sure you're fix is accurate.
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DEAD RECKONING
Or.....Deduced reckoning. You deduce
your position based on regular tracking of your speed, distance and
time, based on starting from a known position. You can plot your
DR positions as you make progress along your course. You can use
landmarks to be sure of your position as you continue. |
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10. MAGNETIC COMPASS - Variation |
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Variation is the difference between MAGNETIC NORTH &
TRUE NORTH It changes depending on position on earth.
| MAGNETIC
SHIP'S COMPASS VS. HAND BEARING COMPASS |
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11. ANCHORING |
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This is review:
Overnight Anchoring - Scope of
7 to 1 (7 feet of rode to every one foot of water)
Overnight in Heavy Weather - Scope
of 10 to 1 (10 feet of rode to every one foot of water)
TYPES OF ANCHORS MOST COMMON -
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Danforth |
Plough |
| Used in Sand, mud,
clay, sometimes hard mud |
Used in Rock, hard
surface bottoms, weeds, sometimes hard mud |
| Is effective when
flukes dig into ground deeper. A danforth can be lighter than
other anchors in relation to boat weight. |
Is effective on
hooking rock, shank can turn without coming undone. Can hook
trip line on loop in order to help when retrieving. Must be Very
Heavy to be effective. |
| Shank is the long
portion leading up. Flukes are the pointed edges on the right
side of picture |
Shank is the long
portion pointing up to the left, fluke is the pointy part at the
bottom |
Rode should consist of a portion of chain that is attached to the anchor,
and the rest anchor line (rope, usually
3 strand line)
CHAIN - acts as a shock
absorber, keeps the rode from chafing on the bottom, and helps to keep the
anchor shank on the bottom
Always be sure the bitter end of
the rode is attached to the boat before paying it out.
THIS IS NEW:
* NEVER STORE ANYTHING IN THE ANCHOR LOCKER EXCEPT FOR THE ANCHOR RODE *
AND NEVER TRY TO PULL THE BOAT FORWARD OFF THE ANCHOR WITH THE ANCHOR
WINDLASS
RAFTING -
When tying boats together and rafting, you should use more than one anchor
in order to anchor safely. ALWAYS USE ADDITIONAL SCOPE WHEN
ANCHORING WHILE RAFTED.
When approaching the anchored
boat in the dinghy, always approach from DOWNWIND.
THE ANCHORAGE -
You
must choose a safe place to anchor your boat if you want to ensure
good holding and less dragging of the hook. The first boat in the
anchorage establishes the anchoring pattern. ANCHORING IS
PROHIBITED IN MARKED CHANNELS. There are some very
important factors to consider when choosing your anchorage.
**You must have the following:
1.
Good holding ground (bottom characteristics)
2.
Sufficient room to swing (anchoring from the bow needs the most swinging
room) You don't want to swing into another boat or into the shore.
3.
Sufficient depth of water. If you swing on the anchor you don't want
to run aground
4.
You'll need a good sheltered area that will not pose the danger of a lee
shore (where you could drift free and run into the shore from an on-shore
wind) You want to make sure that you are sheltered from waves and
swells.
*IF
DRAGGING ANCHOR - IMMEDIATELY INCREASE THE SCOPE* If all else
fails, re-set the anchor
VARIOUS ANCHORING CONFIGURATIONS -
There are chances that you could encounter emergencies while at anchor.
When entering an anchorage, you should follow the anchoring techniques of
the other boats that are already anchored there.
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TYPE |
HOW TO SET ANCHORS |
OTHER INFO |
| BOW ONLY |
Drop anchor from bow, drift
back and/or use some reverse to help dig in anchor flukes |
Needs most swinging room |
| BOW & STERN |
First drop bow anchor, drift
back extra distance to drop stern anchor, motor forward to set stern
anchor making sure rode is adequate. |
Keeps boat in one place |
| BAHAMIAN MOOR |
Two anchors off the bow at 45
degree angle to each other. Drop and set first anchor, and take
other anchor out with dinghy, drop it to set, snub tightly on deck
cleat. |
Allows swinging in case of
drifting, other anchor will catch and hold |
| MEDITERRANEAN MOOR |
Drop a stern anchor, making
sure of adequate rode, motor forward and secure bow to dock. |
Typical in the Med, uses less
space for more boats, and allows for fewer piers to be built. Boats
will need to have fenders on sides. |
| USING A BREAST ANCHOR |
Drop anchor, move boat
toward wall while paying out anchor rode. You can tie a bridle
from bow & stern or tie line to a mid-ship cleat to attach to anchor
rode. |
NEVER SECURE THE ANCHOR LINE TO A
STANCHION. THIS COULD RIP THE STANCHION OFF OR MAKE IT WEAK FROM
THE STRESS ON IT |
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12.
ADVANCED MANEUVERING |
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more to come.... |
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13.
FLAGS - Host and Home Country Flag Etiquette |
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NATIONAL FLAG - Flies from the
stern
HOST COUNTRY FLAG - Flies
from the Starboard spreader
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14.
CHECKING IN AT FOREIGN PORTS |
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FOREIGN CHECK IN |
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The Captain must bring the ship's documents to the
Custom's and/or Immigrations officer when checking in. Captain
only for first check in. |
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Customs/Immigration officials will need some form of Identification
for everyone. Perhaps a passport, driver license or visa of all
crew members and captain - each port has different requirements
so be sure to check before arrival and have all necessary paperwork. |
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You can arrive a port that is NOT a port of entry BUT the boat
and crew are quarantined until the custom's boat arrives to check you
in. Additional fees may be required if it's not an official Port
Of Entry, so it is recommended to always try to arrive to the official
Port of Entry to avoid delays, fees or bad vibes with custom's
officials. |
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15.
WEATHER p. 57 |
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NOAA - (National
Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration) broadcasts weather updates 24
hours a day. You should ALWAYS monitor weather before setting
out on a trip or even an afternoon of boating. Notice weather
patterns approaching. Get wind changes, speed and direction as well as
high/low pressure system info for 7-10 days.
OTHER SOURCES -
You can get up to date weather info from airports, online sources,
weather channels on TV, radio and newspapers. There's no good excuse
not to get updated weather info as it's always readily available.
FOG - Fog
occurs when the DEW POINT and the TEMPERATURE coincide. Warmer, moist air
from above the water turns to fog as it blows over the cooler land.
Morning fog usually burns off as the land warms.
DEW POINT - A temp at
which the air mass becomes saturated and invisible moisture condenses
until it is visible
| RADIATION FOG
p. 58 |
Occurs over land at night. Heat escapes from the earth
into the clear sky cooling the ground. The ground cools the air
directly above it when it is below its dew point and then FOG OCCURS.
Will NOT occur in periods of high wind because the wind mixes the air
and prevents the creation of a cool layer close to the ground |
| ADVECTION FOG
p. 58 |
Develops in any
season. When warm, moist air moves over a surface cool enough to
drop its temp below the dew point. |
| SEA BREEZE
p. 57 |
Land heats up,
thermals are created as the cool air rushes in from over the water to
fill up the space where the warm air rose over the land |
| LAND BREEZE p. 57 |
The opposite of a
Sea breeze - Water is warmer and land cools below water temp, in
the evening - wind rushes toward the area where the warm air has
lifted to fill in where it was, creating a thermal |
Navigating in Fog:
16.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
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Running Aground . p. 106 |
Options are to: Scull using the rudder,
try to sail or motor off, heel using boom or an anchor from a halyard,
kedge off with an anchor or get a tow. |
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Running Aground at low tide |
Check tide tables for next high tide. If
boat is hard aground on a falling tide and must stay grounded
overnight : pad the side of the hull, drop an anchor in deeper
water to stay in place when water comes up, close all hatches. |
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Leaks and Floods p. 110 |
For a serious leak you would first turn on
all bilge pumps. Then work to get crew involved, find the source
of the leak and stop it by plugging it using whatever necessary,
including soft wood plugs. |
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17.
SKIPPER (CAPTAIN) & CREW RESPONSIBILITIES |
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The skipper is ultimately responsible for
the boat and the crew's safety regardless of if he/she is asleep, below
decks or above decks.
When sailing on a charter a skipper/captain should be assigned, and will
assume responsibility for the safety of boat and crew at all times.
With this responsibility is the job of assigning duties and making sure
that everything is done correctly and safely. It is the Captain's
job to make decisions that will make for a safe passage, and it's the
crew's responsibility to carry out the duties assigned by the Captain.
It may sound very regimented and stern, but all in all, boating can
involve dangers and if you sail around haphazardly without assigning a
responsible person on board, you may pay the price with accidents, fines
and perhaps lives if you aren't cautious. During charters it's best
that everyone actually have some things they are responsible for, even if
it means that they are in charge of cooking and cleaning, it's still
important that everyone know where they fit and what is expected of them.
If everyone gets involved, it makes for a fun and entertaining voyage. |
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ADDITIONAL TIDBITS OF INFORMATION:
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Plastic cannot be dumped
anywhere on planet Earth! |
| On a voyage, allow a minimum of between a quart and a
gallon of drinking water per day while at sea |
| When docking in tidal areas,
without a floating dock, be sure to use LONG dock lines |
| At night when a sailboat has on its steaming light
(white light at spreaders shining forward at 225 degrees) it is known
to be under power with its engine on |
| The Good Samaritan Act states that
boaters are obligated to help other boaters in distress if it will not
cause their vessel to be in danger. |
| NEVER FILE A FLOAT PLAN WITH THE COAST GUARD |
| Always ask permission to come
aboard |
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SOME INFORMATIVE INFO ON HOW TO BAREBOAT CHARTER IN THE
ISLANDS AND AROUND THE WORLD
ALL ITEMS IN STUDY GUIDE WILL BE FOUND
ON THE ASA 104 WRITTEN EXAM. PLEASE BE SURE TO CONTACT YOUR
INSTRUCTOR IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS. You can also use our fill in the
blank study guide to help in preparation for the final written exam.
HAPPY AND SAFE SAILING !
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